Category Archives: Cults and Heresies

Group Snapshot: Jehovah’s Witnesses

The official name for this group is the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, often simply called the Watchtower. The members of the organization are generally called Jehovah’s Witnesses, witnesses or simply Christians. They meet in buildings called Kingdom Halls. They are known for their literature: The Watchtower magazine, Awake! magazine, The New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures, and numerous books and pamphlets. The Watchtower claims that its source of authority is the Bible. However the Witnesses are discouraged from reading the Bible by itself, and instead are required to study the Bible only as interpreted and presented through Watchtower books and literature.

Origins:

What is now the Watchtower Bible and Tract Society began in 1879. It was founded by Charles T. Russell. Russell was a man who had been influenced by Seventh-Day Adventists and was adamantly against the Christian doctrine of hell. In the 1870’s Russell was elected as “Pastor” by a small group of students who had gathered to hear his teachings. With Russell’s death in 1916 the leadership passed to “Judge” Joseph Rutherford. It was under Rutherford that the group took the name Jehovah’s Witnesses and established the essentials of their doctrine.

Essential Doctrines:

1. Jehovah’s Witnesses deny the Trinity. They believe that only the Father is Jehovah God.
2. Jesus is viewed as the first and greatest creation of Jehovah. He is a god, but not the Almighty God. He was created as the Archangel Michael, he came to earth as Jesus, and was resurrected a spirit creature. His resurrection was definitely not bodily and physical.
3. Not only is the Holy Spirit not God, he is not even a person in JW theology. The Spirit is the power or activity of God, his impersonal force at work.
4. The Watchtower denies the reality of an everlasting hell. Hell is death, the grave.
5. Men do not have souls that live on after death. They are souls. When a man dies, his soul is also dead. The resurrection is really God’s recreation of a person.
6. There are only 144,000 who are born again and make up the Bride of Christ. These will be resurrected and live in heaven with Jesus. The rest of the true followers of Jehovah, if they are resurrected, will live in natural bodies here on this earth.
7. The Watchtower is God’s theocratic institution here on earth. The Society speaks as the end-time prophet of God.
8. Jehovah’s Witnesses are the only true followers of God, the only genuine Christians.
9. Armageddon is due to occur at any time. When it comes then all false religions, especially churches, will be wiped out. The only ones left will the JW’s.

Summary of Beliefs

God: God is a solitary being. The idea of the Trinity is pagan and devilish.
Jesus: Jesus was the Archangel Michael before coming to earth. He is a divine being, the first
and greatest creation of Jehovah God. But He is not Jehovah, or the Almighty God. He died on a torture stake, not a cross; and resurrected as a spirit creature, not physically.
Salvation: Salvation is gained through the works you do for Jehovah.
Human nature: Man is fallen and needs redemption.
Afterlife: Man does not have a soul; he is a soul. When he dies, he ceases to exist. The
resurrection is actually a recreation of our persons. Only the 144,000 go to heaven, as the Bride of Christ. The rest of Jehovah’s followers live on earth eternally. There is no eternal hell.
Scripture: The Bible, but as interpreted through Watchtower writings.
Truth: They claim to believe in absolutes and a Biblical understanding of truth. But all is filtered
through Watchtower writings and teaching.

Christian Science

According to her own account, in 1866 Mary Baker Eddy had a serious fall which endangered her very life. As she lay suffering, near death, she suddenly had a revelation—illness, pain, sickness and death have no reality. They are illusions. They do not exist at all. Eddy supposedly arose from her bed of affliction, completely healed. And full of determination to proclaim to the world her new truth.

In 1875 she published her magnum opus, Science and Health: With Key to the Scriptures. She claimed this book was divinely inspired, and even more authoritative than the Bible. In 1879 she founded the Church of Christ, Scientist. She claimed she was restoring the true doctrine of Christ, which consists of a “scientific” understanding of the nature of God, sin, sickness and mental health. She was strongly influenced by a faith healer named Phineas P. Quimby, a well-known mesmerist. She mixed mesmerism, positive confession, pantheism and Gnostic ideas into her “scientific Christianity.” Basically, Eddy denied the existence of the material, physical universe. Much like Hinduism or Buddhism, she saw matter, sin, evil, sickness, and death as illusory things. They have no reality, but are only errors in thinking.

As a result of this understanding, she denied the Incarnation of Christ, as well as His atoning sacrifice and resurrection. There is no need for a blood atonement or payment for sin because sin and evil do not actually exist. Where does Christ fit in this scheme? He is an expression of God’s mind; He is the divine Idea. Much like Gnosticism, Eddy asserted a wholly spiritual conception of the Savior. As for salvation, again like Gnosticism, the problem is not the need for redemption, but instead for more knowledge. Ignorance and error are the culprits, not sin and fallenness.

Unfortunately, despite all her assertions of the power of faith and positive mental energy, the history of Eddy shows her to be a woman bound by paranoia, fits of depression, chronic physical afflictions, and emotional traumas. She died in 1910, but her church and her legacy linger on. Although Christian Science has dwindled somewhat in numbers, the doctrines of the movement have dramatically influenced other cultic systems, e.g., New Thought, Unity, Divine Science, the New Age Movement, and many other healing and metaphysical groups.

Summary of Beliefs

God: A pantheistic concept of God. God is everything. All that exists is mind. And
God is mind. The idea of the Trinity is pagan.
Jesus: A overly spiritualized, Gnostic idea of Christ. He is the divine Idea. No incarnation,
because matter does not exist. Also, no resurrection. Christ’s blood does not save from
sin. Christ’s atoning work is unnecessary, because sin does not exist.
Salvation: To free yourself from the false illusion that matter, evil, sin and sickness actually
have existence.
Human nature: Man is a spiritual being. There is no material existence.
Sin: A false idea. Sin and evil are only illusions.
Afterlife: Eternal life is to exist as spiritual beings, free from material illusions.
Scripture: Eddy’s book Science and Health is considered a revelation on par with the Bible.
Medicine: “Scientists” are noted for not believing in medication, doctors, vaccinations, etc.
This has often caused Eddy’s followers to end up in court, when these beliefs affect the
lives of sick children.
Truth: Revealed through Eddy and her works.

A Group Snapshot: Mormonism

Religious revivals were common in the Finger Lakes region of New York in the early 19th century. A young farm boy named Joseph Smith was encouraged to become a part of such a movement. This teenager went into a grove of trees near his home to ask God which church was right. God the Father and Jesus Christ appeared to him and declared that all the churches were wrong, and all their creeds were an abomination in God’s sight. Smith was told to join none of the churches. This is a significant event, called the “First Vision” in Mormonism.

Later Joseph was visited by an angel named Moroni. Moroni revealed to him the existence of a set of golden plates on which was inscribed the history of the ancient people of the New World. After several years, Smith was allowed to remove these plates from where they had been buried on a hillside, a hill called Cumorah. Through supernatural means, Joseph Smith was able to translate the plates. The translation became a book called The Book of Mormon, which was published in 1830. Later that year Smith organized a church which he claimed was the true, restored church of Jesus Christ.

Thus was born the American home-grown religion of Mormonism. This religion, officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, is one of the most bizarre religions ever concocted by man (or devil). Many whole books have been written describing the complicated and confusing teachings of the Mormon Church. Allow me to just summarize a few of these:

• God is an exalted man, and has a physical body
• God has spiritual wives in heaven, who give birth to spirit children.
• We were all born as spirit children in a place called the First Estate
• The Fall was necessary for salvation to occur.
• The Father and Son are two separate beings—two different gods
• God is the literal father of Jesus in the flesh
• The LDS Church is the only true church
• The LDS are the true Israelites
• The living Prophet and President of the Church is inspired and speaks for God
• God has restored the priesthoods through Joseph Smith and the LDS Church.
• The two priesthoods are necessary for salvation. These priesthoods are the Aaronic and Melchizedek.
• Baptism is the new birth; and baptism forgives us of our sins
• There are secret Temple ceremonies, based on Freemasonry, which a devout Mormon is expected to observe.
• You can be baptized for the dead
• We must work and obey all of God’s commands to have eternal life
• There are three heavens (but only Mormons go to the third and highest heaven)
• There is a process of eternal progression—people can go from being born as spirit children, to becoming physical beings, to exaltation as a god.
• Being sealed in a Temple marriage ceremony is required for eternal life
• You can become a god
• Once deified you will have your own spirit children

Summary of Beliefs

God: God is an exalted, resurrected man, with a physical body. There are many gods. The
trinity consists of three separate gods.
Jesus: Jesus was the first-born spiritual son of God in spiritual realm. He was born of a literal
physical relationship between God and Mary. Jesus had to advance to become a god.
Salvation: All men are saved by grace in the sense that they can be resurrected. But to achieve
eternal life in the highest heaven requires baptism, good works, the priesthood, and
Temple work.
Human nature: We are “gods in embryo” and have the potential to advance to become gods.
Sin: There is no such thing as original sin. Each person is accountable for his own sins.
Afterlife: There are three heavens. Only good Mormons go to the highest heaven. There is a
hell, but it is temporary for most people. There is a strong belief in bodily resurrection.
Scripture: There are four standard works of Scripture: the Bible, the Book of Mormon, Doctrine
and Covenants, the Pearl of Great Price.
Truth: Truth is revealed by God, through the Scriptures and through living prophets. God can
redefine and alter truth as need be. The words of a living prophet are more important
than the written Scriptures.

Freemasonry

The beginnings of Masonry are uncertain. It probably began with the stonecutters and masons who worked on the Medieval cathedrals. They organized themselves into guilds and lodges. To preserve guild secrets and tricks of the trade, they developed a closed institution with passwords and identifying signs. They also developed a number of legends regarding the antiquity of their craft. These are known as operative masons, that is, masons who actually work in stone. With the demise of cathedral building, the lodges began to die off. To preserve their identity some began to allow non-operative masons into their fellowship. Some of these masons began to see masonry as an opportunity for spiritual and moral truths to be taught. These were called Speculative Masons. They were heavily influenced from a variety of traditions, including the Kabbalah, Hermeticism, Rosicrucianism and Templarism. By the end of the 17th century most lodges in England were wholly speculative in membership. In 1717, four of these lodges united to form the Grand Lodge of England. Soon, speculative masonry enjoyed a time of great growth. It spread from England to the Continent and to America. Beginning the mid-1700’s there began to develop various systems of higher degrees. Continue reading

White Supremacists

Probably everyone is familiar to a greater or lesser degree with the White Supremacy movement. We envision KKK members in their pointed white hoods, or survivalists holed up somewhere in the wilds of the upper mid-West fighting off ATF and FBI agents. And these are not unrealistic images. However, as with all cults there is a heretical theological basis to the movement.

The followers of this movement generally think of themselves as part of the Christian Identity movement, or simply the Identity movement. They call themselves this because the distinctive belief that characterizes them is the assertion that they are the true children of Adam, and the true heirs to the promises of Israel. Generally it is posited that only the white (or Aryan) race are true sons of Adam. Other races, especially Jews and blacks, are descended from some other source. There are several theories offered for their variant origin. Some believe that the inferior races are descended from a sexual liaison between the Serpent and Eve. Some think that they are a cursed race (or races) originating either with Adam’s son Cain, or Noah’s son Ham. Others say that the hated peoples are descendents of the demonic “sons of God” who fell in the days of Noah by having sex with human women. Today there are many groups which teach that the non-white races are descendents of pre-Adamite “bestial” peoples, i.e., they are literally “beasts of the earth” and while having bodies and souls, they have no spirits. Whatever their origin, it is commonly held by believers of the Identity movement that Jews, blacks, and all non-white, non-Aryan peoples are inferior, spiritually cursed, and rejected by God.

There are three main categories of Supremacists. The first is the most visible, and probably the most well known. This is the U.S. group known as the Ku Klux Klan, which began after the American Civil War as an attempt to “protect white southerners” and keep “uppity” blacks in their place. The Klan has waxed and waned in its membership and influence through the years. Their heyday was in the 1920’s and 1930’s in the U.S. The second group is those Supremacists who model their beliefs and organizations after Hitler’s National Socialist Party. This includes the more traditional groups which are rooted in the Nazism of the 1930’s and 1940’s, as well as the more contemporary Neo-Nazis groups. The Neo-Nazis are found not only in the U.S., but also in many other places, most notably in Germany, Britain, and other western European countries. The third category is comprised of the Christian Identity churches, such as the Church of Jesus Christ Christian, Aryan Nations. They characterize themselves as the true followers of Jesus Christ, and the promoters of the true gospel, which is meant exclusively for white Protestants.

It is common to see aberrant action and behavior follow heretical belief. This is no less the case with regards to the White Supremacists. There is a perverted and twisted theological base for this movement. The two main areas where the Scriptures are “twisted” by these groups is in their views regarding the true identity of Israel, and the spiritual/physical origins of Adam and Eve’s children. First, the identity of Israel…

In Britain and America in the late 18th and early 19th centuries there was a great deal of speculation as to the fate of the so-called “Ten Lost Tribes.” Out of these speculations arose the idea that the Lost Tribes had through the centuries migrated northward and westward, finally settling in Britain. It was asserted that the Anglo-Saxons are actually the true descendents of Israel. Supposedly this is even evidenced by their name: “Saxon” being held to be a contraction of “Isaac’s Sons.” Also, the word “British” was believed to be derived from the Hebrew words for covenant (berith) and man (ish): Berith+ish = British, or “man of the covenant.” (I am not making this up. They really believe this!) This odd teaching came to be known as British-Israelism. British-Israelites say that Great Britain is the biblical Ephraim and that America is Manasseh, and they are the true Israelites. This strange belief affected a number of cults, including the followers of Joseph Smith, as well as the followers of Herbert W. Armstrong. It also is a major component of the doctrinal structure of the Christian Identity movement.

A second major component of their belief system is the Two-Seed Doctrine. This doctrine asserts that there are two strains of heredity running through human history. In some forms of 19th century Reformed theology this referred to the elect and the non-elect. It was taught that God had infused good seed into Adam and Eve. But with the Fall, Satan had also infused bad seed. Whether you were part of the elect or not was evidenced by God’s providential decision as to which seed you belonged. This teaching is still found in some Primitive Baptist churches. In the Christian Identity movement, they have taken this teaching a step further and given a racial twist to it. They also assert that there are two seeds present in the history of the human race(s). First, there is the natural and godly seed. This seed began with Abel, the son of Adam and Eve. However, there is another seed, an ungodly, wicked and cursed seed. This seed began with Cain, who was the unnatural offspring of a sexual encounter between Eve and the Serpent/Satan. The first seed is represented in the pure, white, Aryan followers of God. The second seed is represented in the corrupt, “colored,” non-Aryan children of the Devil. Throughout history there is a spiritual and racial conflict between these seeds. And, of course, one of the greatest sins we can commit is to mix the seeds.

While some New-Nazi groups have reverted to a pagan theology, believing this to be the truest expression of their Aryan roots, most White Supremacists claim to be Christian. And while they may superficially seem to agree with many basic Christian beliefs, e.g., the Trinity, the Resurrection of Christ, etc., in reality they reject the true Gospel of Jesus. First of all, their faith is more about race than it is about grace. Racial purity and ethnic heritage is essential to salvation in their worldview. Also, the racist and hate-filled ideology they espouse is completely inconsistent with the Gospel of the Savior who died for the whole world, and desires that all men come to salvation.

Summary of Beliefs

God: Superficially orthodox in Christian Identity churches, including belief in the Trinity. Some
Neo-Nazi groups are pagan in theology.
Jesus: Jesus is the Savior of the Aryan people, true sons of Adam.
Salvation: Salvation is essentially a result of birth; race is of paramount importance.
Sin: Holiness and purity are expressed in racial terms; racial purity is the utmost good.
Afterlife: Basically heaven is for the good, white Christian.
Scripture: For the Christian Identity groups, and the Klan, there is an allegiance to the Bible, as
interpreted with their hermeneutic. The writings of Hitler, and other such leaders of the past may also be revered.
Truth: Truth is absolute, as determined by the heretical teachings of the leaders. The White
Separatists are the true church of Jesus. All other churches are heretical.

Sources:

Dictionary of Cults, Sects, Religions and the Occult by George A. Mather and Larry A. Nichols.
The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects and New Religions by James R. Lewis